The Wänzl or Wänzel rifle was a breech-loading conversion of the Lorenz M1854 and M1862 rifles, adopted in 1866, shortly after the Austrian Empire was defeated in the Austro-Prussian War, as an interm measure before a design by Josef Werndl was formally approved the next year.
== History == Prior to the Austrian-Prussian War of 1866, the Imperial Austrian Army was armed with the muzzleloader Lorenz rifle, a sturdy and accurate weapon, though Austrian reliance on bayonet charges at the expense of marksmanship training negatively affected its effectiveness. While private gunmakers such as Josef Werndl of Steyr were ready to provide the Army with breechloaders, they weren't adopted due to several factors: the Vienna Arsenal was already pressed to increase production of Lorenz rifles and switching production to a new design would require a costly retooling; the average recruit was too unskilled to handle even the simpler Lorenz; and the military refused to give up their arms manufacturing monopoly, though Army trials with domestic and foreign breechloaders were conducted in the spring of 1866. Faced with heavy casualties against the Prussian infantry, armed with the quick-firing breechloading Dreyse needle gun, the Austrians attempted to counter the firepower of the Dreyse with the greater range of their artillery and the Lorenz rifle, and in the last months of the war, they procured a shipment of 5,000 Remington rolling block rifles from Belgium, but by the time the shipment arrived, the war with Prussia had already ended. Months after their defeat, Archduke Albrecht demanded the infantry to be immediately re-equipped. According to author Mike Bennighof, the Archduke sought to deflect the blame from the Army's shortcomings in leadership, training, and tactics to its technology. Subsequently the Austrians began working on converting their old stocks of Lorenz rifles before adopting the Werndl–Holub rifle in 1867. The Austrians initially considered adopting a needle gun design in order to make use of the readily available stocks of paper cartridges used in the Lorenz, but eventually the Army decided on a metallic cartridge for their new rifles. The locally designed Wänzl breech was chosen over the Belgian Albini-Braendlin, the British Snider and others, and officially adopted in January 1867. Bennighof stated that 70,000 rifles and carbines were converted in total, while author John Walter estimated that around 120,000 guns were converted by Steyr in 1867–1869.
== Design == The rifle is a lifting-block breechloader chambered for the 13.9×33mmR rimfire cartridge and the barrels are either made of wrought iron or steel depending on the converted Lorenz model: The Model 1854 used iron barrels while steel was used on the Model 1862, which also features smaller lock plates. All rifles feature a folding leaf sight graduated from 500–1200 paces depending on the model. Author Andrew Wheatcroft describes the Wänzl as a "simple, if uninspired," conversion that was chosen for being inexpensive and a national design.
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== See also == Albini-Braendlin rifle Snider-Enfield rifle Springfield model 1873 Tabatière rifle Green M1867, a Serbian conversion of Lorenz M1854 Weaponry of the Austro-Hungarian Empire
References
=== Sources === Rothenberg, Gunther Erich (1976). The Army of Francis Joseph (1st ed.). West Lafayette, Indiana: Purdue Univ Press. ISBN 978-0-911198-41-6 – via Internet Archive. Walter, John (2006). Rifles of the world (3rd ed.). Iola, Wisconsin: Krause Publications. ISBN 978-0-89689-241-5 – via Internet Archive. Wheatcroft, Andrew (2021) [1981]. "Technology and the Military Mind: Austria 1866–1914". In Atkinson, Alexander (ed.). Routledge Library Editions: Security and Society: 12 Volume Set. Abington, Oxon and New York City: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-000-51933-4.
